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Sadhora (Ukrainian: Садгора; German: Sadagora; Polish: Sadagóra; Romanian: Sadagura; Yiddish: סאדיגורא Sadigora, also Sadagura and Sadiger) is a settlement in Ukraine, now a Sadhirskyi District of Chernivtsi city, which is located 6 km from the city center. Previously, it was an independent town.

History

Austrian stamp and cancellation before 1860

Sadhora was established in 1770 by a former Saxon and Polish official, Baron de:Peter Nicolaus von Gartenberg (1714-1786). Sadhora is located in Bukovina, a region which was part of the Principality of Moldavia until the 1770s when it was conquered by the Habsburg monarchy, becoming part of the Duchy of Bukovina under the Austrian Empire starting in 1849, then becoming an Austrian "crownland" from 1867 until the end of World War I, after which it was ruled by Romania for two decades (1918-1940).

2 Paras Turkish / 3 Kopecks Russian from Sadhora mint, struck 1773 from the bronze of seized Turkish cannons;^[1] obverse: Coat of arms of Moldavia (aurochs) and Wallachia (eagle with half moon) under Russian crown / reverse: Value

During the Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774, the commander-in-chief of the Russian army in Moldavia and Wallachia took measures to enhance the economic and monetary system in the principalities.^{[dubious – discuss]} Therefore, a mint was established in a formerly wooded area by a river, by a man with previous experience in this field, Baron Gartenberg, Slavic Sadhóra being a literal translation of the German "Gartenberg", "garden mountain." Beginning in 1771, the coins that were minted at Sadhora displayed the coats of arms of both Moldavia and Wallachia on the same side. The mint was closed down at the end of the war, in 1774.

Jewish history

Sadagóra had a significant Jewish community and it is important in the history of Hasidic Judaism. Before World War I, the Jewish population numbered over 5,000.^[2]

Rabbi Yisroel Friedman, the Ruzhiner Rebbe, relocated his court to Sadagóra in 1842. In 1838 he had been accused of complicity in the death of two Jews accused of being informers and was imprisoned for two years by the Russian authorities. On his release he fled to Kishinev, then to Iaşi and other places before finally settling in Sadagóra in 1842, where he re-established his Hasidic court in all its glory.

The Ruzhiner Rebbe lived in Sadagóra for ten years, building a palatial home and a large synagogue. Tens of thousands of Hasidim frequented his court.^[3] When he died at the age of 54 on 9 October 1850,^[4] each of his sons moved to different towns to establish their own courts. His eldest son,^[5] Rabbi Sholom Yosef Friedman, remained in Sadagóra to continue leading the court his father had founded, but died ten months later.^[2] At this point, the second son^[5] of the Ruzhiner Rebbe, Rabbi Avrohom Yaakov Friedman, assumed the mantle of leadership of the Sadigura Hasidim, becoming known as the first Sadigura Rebbe.^[6] After his death, his second son, Rabbi Yisrael Friedman (1852-1907), succeeded him as Rebbe. He, in turn, was succeeded by his eldest son, Rabbi Aharon of Sadigura (1877-1913), and by another son, Rabbi Avrohom Yaakov Friedman, who escaped to Vienna with the outbreak of World War I in 1914 and established his court in that city for the next 24 years,^[2]^[7] effectively putting an end to the once-flourishing Jewish community in Sadagóra . The remaining Jews of Sadagóra were decimated by the Nazis during World War II.^[2] After the Anschluss of 1938, the Sadigura Rebbe procured a visa to Palestine, where he led his court in Tel Aviv until his death in 1961.^[8] Today, Sadigura Hasidism is centered in Bnei Brak, Israel.

Geography

Latitude, 48.3500°, Longitude, 25.9667°, Altitude (feet), 941

References

Leo Bruckenthal. Geschichte der Juden in der Bukowina ("History of the Jews in Bukovina"), Hugo Gold: Tel Aviv, 1962, pp. 98–105.

Notable people

Aharon Appelfeld, writer and novelist
Avrohom Yaakov Friedman (1820-1883), first Sadigura Rebbe
Avrohom Yaakov Friedman (1884-1961), third Sadigura Rebbe
Yisroel Friedman (1797-1850), Rebbe of Ruzhin
Yitzchok Friedman (1850-1917), first Boyaner Rebbe
Yossele Rosenblatt, chazzan

References

^ William D. Craig (1971). "MOLDAVIA and WALLACHIA Principalities". Coins of the World 1750–1850. Racine, Wis. USA: Western Publishing Co. p. 51 #3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Meringer, Motty (31 August 2009). "The Sadigur Chassidic Court". Tog News. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
^ Friedman, Yisroel. The Golden Dynasty: Ruzhin, the royal house of Chassidus. Jerusalem: The Kest-Lebovits Jewish Heritage and Roots Library, 2nd English edition, 2000, p. 15.
^ Assaf, David (2002). The Regal Way: The life and times of Rabbi Israel of Ruzhin. Stanford University Press. p. 170. ISBN 0804744688.
^ ^a ^b Friedman, The Golden Dynasty, p. 20.
^ Friedman, The Golden Dynasty, pp. 15–17.
^ Friedman, The Golden Dynasty, pp. 38–39.
^ Friedman, The Golden Dynasty, p. 45.

External links

(in Romanian) Emisiuni monetare Sadagura ("Issuing of money in Sadagura"), includes images of the coins mentioned in the article.
Sadgora/Sadhora (pp. 418) at Miriam Weiner's Routes to Roots Foundation.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{about|former settlement that is part of [[Chernivtsi]]|an administrative division of Chernivtsi city|Sadhora Raion}}
-'''Sadhora''' ({{lang-uk|Садгора}}; {{lang-pl|Sadagóra}}; {{lang-ro|Sadagura}}; {{lang-yi|סאדיגורא Sadigora}}, also '''Sadagura''' and '''Sadiger''') is now a [[microraion]] of [[Chernivtsi]] city, which is located 6km from the city center. Previously, it was an independent town.
+'''Sadhora''' ({{lang-uk|Садгора}}; {{lang-de|Sadagora}}; {{lang-pl|Sadagóra}}; {{lang-ro|Sadagura}}; {{lang-yi|סאדיגורא Sadigora}}, also '''Sadagura''' and '''Sadiger''') is a settlement in [[Ukraine]], now a [[Sadhirskyi District]] of [[Chernivtsi]] city, which is located 6&nbsp;km from the city center. Previously, it was an independent town.
 ==History==
+[[File:RCj-f Sadagora lot207.jpg|thumb|Austrian stamp and cancellation before 1860]]
+Sadhora was established in 1770 by a former [[Saxony|Saxon]] and [[Poland|Polish]] official, Baron [[:de:Peter Nicolaus von Gartenberg]] (1714-1786). Sadhora is located in [[Bukovina]], a region which was part of the [[Principality of Moldavia]] until the 1770s when it was conquered by the [[Habsburg monarchy]], becoming part of the [[Duchy of Bukovina]] under the [[Austrian Empire]] starting in 1849, then becoming an Austrian "[[Crown land#Austria|crownland]]" from 1867 until the end of [[World War I]], after which it was ruled by [[Romania]] for two decades (1918-1940).
+{{multiple image
-During the [[Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774]], the commander-in-chief of the [[Imperial Russia|Russian]] army in [[Principality of Moldavia|Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]] took measures to enhance the economic and monetary system in the principalities. Therefore, a mint was established in Sadagora by the adventurer baron [[Nicolaus Gartenberg]], "Gartenberg" being a literal German translation of the [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] ''Sadagóra'', "garden mountain." Beginning in 1771, the coins that were minted at Sadhora displayed the coats of arms of both [[Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]] on the same side.
+ | width = 100
-Sadhora was a town in the [[Bukovina]] region under the [[Austrian Empire]] until the end of [[World War I]], after which it was ruled by [[Romania]] for two decades.
+ | image1 = Moldavia-Wallachia 2 Paras 3 Kopeks 1773 (obv).jpg
+ | image2 = Moldavia-Wallachia 2 Paras 3 Kopeks 1773 (rev).jpg
-[[File:RCj-f Sadagora lot207.jpg|thumb|Austrian stamp and cancellation before 1860]]
+ | footer = 2 [[:en:Para (currency)|Paras]] Turkish / 3 [[Kopeck]]s Russian from Sadhora mint, struck 1773 from the bronze of seized Turkish cannons;<ref name="Craig">{{cite book |author=William D. Craig |chapter=MOLDAVIA and WALLACHIA Principalities |title=Coins of the World 1750–1850 |location=Racine, Wis. USA |publisher=Western Publishing Co. |year=1971 |page=51 #3}}
+</ref> obverse: Coat of arms of [[Moldavia]] ([[aurochs]]) and [[Wallachia]] (eagle with half moon) under Russian crown / reverse: Value}}
+During the [[Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774]], the commander-in-chief of the [[Imperial Russia|Russian]] army in [[Principality of Moldavia|Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]] took measures to enhance the economic and monetary system in the principalities.{{dubious|Says who? The German article, which is far more rational and well-researched, mentions payments to the Russian army as the raison d'etre of the mint. It was closed down at the war's end, too.|date=July 2019}} Therefore, a [[Mint (facility)|mint]] was established in a formerly wooded area by a river, by a man with previous experience in this field, Baron Gartenberg, [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] ''Sadhóra'' being a literal translation of the German "Gartenberg", "garden mountain." Beginning in 1771, the coins that were minted at Sadhora displayed the coats of arms of both [[Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]] on the same side. The mint was closed down at the end of the war, in 1774.
 ==Jewish history==
 {{main|Sadigura (Hasidic dynasty)}}
-[[Image:Sadigura kloiz.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] [[synagogue]] in Sadagóra.]]
+[[Image:Sadigura kloiz.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] [[synagogue]] in Sadagóra.]]
-Sadagóra had a significant [[Jews|Jewish]] community and it is important in the history of [[Hasidic Judaism]]. Before World War I, the Jewish population numbered over 5,000.<ref name=tog>{{cite web |url=http://www.tog.co.il/en/Article.aspx?id=314|title= The Sadigur Chassidic Court |first=Motty|last=Meringer |date=31 August 2009 |accessdate=9 January 2013 |work=Tog News}}</ref>
+Sadagóra had a significant [[Jews|Jewish]] community and it is important in the history of [[Hasidic Judaism]]. Before World War I, the Jewish population numbered over 5,000.<ref name=tog>{{cite web|url=http://www.tog.co.il/en/Article.aspx?id=314|title=The Sadigur Chassidic Court|first=Motty|last=Meringer|date=31 August 2009|accessdate=9 January 2013|work=Tog News|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502102612/http://www.tog.co.il/en/Article.aspx?id=314|archivedate=2 May 2015}}</ref>
 Rabbi [[Israel Friedman of Ruzhyn|Yisroel Friedman]], the [[Ruzhin (Hasidic dynasty)|Ruzhiner Rebbe]], relocated his court to Sadagóra in 1842. In 1838 he had been accused of complicity in the death of two Jews accused of being informers and was imprisoned for two years by the Russian authorities. On his release he fled to [[Chişinău|Kishinev]], then to [[Iaşi]] and other places before finally settling in Sadagóra in 1842, where he re-established his Hasidic court in all its glory.
+[[File:Sadigura rebbe's palace.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Palace of the Ruzhin dynasty in Sadhora]]
-The Ruzhiner Rebbe lived in Sadagóra for ten years, building a palatial home and a large [[synagogue]]. Tens of thousands of Hasidim frequented his court.<ref>Friedman, Yisroel. ''The Golden Dynasty: Ruzhin, the royal house of Chassidus''. Jerusalem: The Kest-Lebovits Jewish Heritage and Roots Library, 2nd English edition, 2000, p. 15.</ref> When he died at the age of 54 on 9 October 1850,<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.il/books?id=ARUu1mbtwdIC&pg=PA170&dq=israel+friedman+of+ruzhin&hl=en&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=israel%20friedman%20of%20ruzhin&f=true |last=Assaf |first=David |page=170|title=The Regal Way: The life and times of Rabbi Israel of Ruzhin |publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2002|isbn=0804744688}}</ref> each of his sons moved to different towns to establish their own courts. His eldest son,<ref name=fried20/> Rabbi Sholom Yosef Friedman, remained in Sadagóra to continue leading the court his father had founded, but died ten months later.<ref name=tog/> At this point, the second son<ref name=fried20>Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', p. 20.</ref> of the Ruzhiner Rebbe, Rabbi [[Avrohom Yaakov Friedman (I)]], assumed the mantle of leadership of the Sadigura Hasidim, becoming known as the first Sadigura Rebbe.<ref>Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', pp. 15&ndash;17.</ref> After his death, his second son, Rabbi Yisrael Friedman (1852-1907), succeeded him as Rebbe. He, in turn, was succeeded by his eldest son, Rabbi Aharon of Sadigura (1877-1913), and by another son, Rabbi [[Avrohom Yaakov Friedman (II)]], who escaped to [[Vienna]] with the outbreak of World War II in 1914 and established his court in that city for the next 24 years,<ref name=tog/><ref>Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', pp. 38&ndash;39.</ref> effectively putting an end to the once-flourishing Jewish community in Sadagóra . The remaining Jews of Sadagóra were decimated by the [[Nazism|Nazis]] during World War II.<ref name=tog/> After the ''[[Anschluss]]'' of 1938, the Sadigura Rebbe procured a visa to [[Palestine]], where he led his court in [[Tel Aviv]] until his death in 1961.<ref>Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', p. 45.</ref> Today, Sadigura Hasidism is centered in [[Bnei Brak]], [[Israel]].
+The Ruzhiner Rebbe lived in Sadagóra for ten years, building a palatial home and a large [[synagogue]]. Tens of thousands of Hasidim frequented his court.<ref>Friedman, Yisroel. ''The Golden Dynasty: Ruzhin, the royal house of Chassidus''. Jerusalem: The Kest-Lebovits Jewish Heritage and Roots Library, 2nd English edition, 2000, p. 15.</ref> When he died at the age of 54 on 9 October 1850,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ARUu1mbtwdIC&q=israel+friedman+of+ruzhin&pg=PA170 |last=Assaf |first=David |page=170|title=The Regal Way: The life and times of Rabbi Israel of Ruzhin |publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2002|isbn=0804744688}}</ref> each of his sons moved to different towns to establish their own courts. His eldest son,<ref name=fried20/> Rabbi Sholom Yosef Friedman, remained in Sadagóra to continue leading the court his father had founded, but died ten months later.<ref name=tog/> At this point, the second son<ref name=fried20>Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', p. 20.</ref> of the Ruzhiner Rebbe, Rabbi [[Avrohom Yaakov Friedman (first Sadigura rebbe)|Avrohom Yaakov Friedman]], assumed the mantle of leadership of the Sadigura Hasidim, becoming known as the first Sadigura Rebbe.<ref>Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', pp. 15&ndash;17.</ref> After his death, his second son, Rabbi Yisrael Friedman (1852-1907), succeeded him as Rebbe. He, in turn, was succeeded by his eldest son, Rabbi Aharon of Sadigura (1877-1913), and by another son, Rabbi [[Avrohom Yaakov Friedman (third Sadigura rebbe)|Avrohom Yaakov Friedman]], who escaped to [[Vienna]] with the outbreak of World War I in 1914 and established his court in that city for the next 24 years,<ref name=tog/><ref>Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', pp. 38&ndash;39.</ref> effectively putting an end to the once-flourishing Jewish community in Sadagóra . The remaining Jews of Sadagóra were decimated by the [[Nazism|Nazis]] during World War II.<ref name=tog/> After the ''[[Anschluss]]'' of 1938, the Sadigura Rebbe procured a visa to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], where he led his court in [[Tel Aviv]] until his death in 1961.<ref>Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', p. 45.</ref> Today, Sadigura Hasidism is centered in [[Bnei Brak]], [[Israel]].
 <!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Mordchaisadigur56.gif|thumb|100px|Rabbi [[Mordechai Sholom Yosef Friedman]] of Sadigura, (1897-1979), in the streets of [[Przemyśl|Pshemishl]].|{{deletable image-caption|1=Friday, 27 March 2009}}]] -->
@@ Line 24: / Line 32: @@
 ==References==
-* [[Leo Bruckenthal]]. ''Geschichte der Juden in der Bukowina'' ("History of the Jews in Bukovina"), [[Hugo Gold]]: Tel Aviv, 1962, pp. 98-105.
+* [[Leo Bruckenthal]]. ''Geschichte der Juden in der Bukowina'' ("History of the Jews in Bukovina"), [[Hugo Gold]]: Tel Aviv, 1962, pp.&nbsp;98–105.
-==Noted residents==
+==Notable people==
 * [[Aharon Appelfeld]], writer and novelist
-* [[Avrohom Yaakov Friedman (I)]] (1820-1883), first [[Sadigura (Hasidic dynasty)|Sadigura]] [[Rebbe]]
+* [[Avrohom Yaakov Friedman (first Sadigura rebbe)|Avrohom Yaakov Friedman]] (1820-1883), first [[Sadigura (Hasidic dynasty)|Sadigura]] [[Rebbe]]
-* [[Avrohom Yaakov Friedman (II)]] (1884-1961), third Sadigura Rebbe
+* [[Avrohom Yaakov Friedman (third Sadigura rebbe)|Avrohom Yaakov Friedman]] (1884-1961), third Sadigura Rebbe
 * [[Israel Friedman of Ruzhyn|Yisroel Friedman]] (1797-1850), Rebbe of [[Ruzhin (Hasidic dynasty)|Ruzhin]]
 * [[Yitzchok Friedman]] (1850-1917), first [[Boyan (Hasidic dynasty)|Boyaner]] Rebbe
@@ Line 38: / Line 46: @@
 ==External links==
-*{{ro icon}} [http://romaniancoins.ancients.info/sadagura.htm Emisiuni monetare Sadagura] ("Issuing of money in Sadagura"), includes images of the coins mentioned in the article.
+*{{in lang|ro}} [http://romaniancoins.ancients.info/sadagura.htm Emisiuni monetare Sadagura] ("Issuing of money in Sadagura"), includes images of the coins mentioned in the article.
+*[https://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/SADGORA.pdf Sadgora/Sadhora] (pp. 418) at [[Miriam Weiner (genealogist)|Miriam Weiner's]] [[Routes to Roots Foundation]].
+== Further reading ==
+*Weiner, Miriam; Ukrainian State Archives (in cooperation with); Moldovan State Archives (in cooperation with) (1999). [https://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/SADGORA.pdf "Town Clips: Sadgora."] ''[[Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova|Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova: Pages from the Past and Archival Inventories]]'' . Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. p. 418. ISBY 978-0-96-565081-6. OCLC 607423469.
 {{coord|48|21|N|25|58|E|display=title|region:UA_type:landmark_source:dewiki}}
+{{Authority control}}
-[[Category:Raions of Chernivtsi]]
 [[Category:Bukovina]]
+[[Category:Historic Jewish communities in Ukraine]]
 [[Category:Jewish Romanian history]]
-[[Category:Jewish Russian and Soviet history]]
 [[Category:Jewish Ukrainian history]]
-[[Category:Historic Jewish communities in Ukraine]]
+[[Category:Merged settlements in Ukraine]]
+[[Category:Duchy of Bukovina]]

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